Research on Second Language Aquisition

I’ve taken some of these notes and found some of these resources over the years while learning a few different languages for fun.

People

• Stephen Krashen
• Paul Nation Learning Vocabulary in Another Language

Papers

Swain

• The Output Hypothesis: From Theory to Practice
  • Authors:
    • Nicholas Fuller
    • Friederike Partsch
    • Justin Pannell
  • Description: a meta analysis of multiple papers by
• Swain
  • Year: 2017
  • Important references:
• Izumi’s Output, input enhancement, and the noticing hypothesis

Swain’s three functions of output are

1. Noticing/triggering events when trying to speak that a learner realizes that they do not know what is required to verbalize what they intend. Depth of analysis in one’s own output is deeply linked with stronger and longer lasting memories of the grammatical forms which were missing.
2. Hypothesis testing
3. Metalinguistic reflection

LaPierre

LaPierre(1994) Found a strong correlation between language learning and metalinguistic reflection, finding 80% of a sample of 140 tasks of metalinguistic reflection causing language learning. Note’s reference to french immersion students (Swain 1998) of students who were at native comprehension levels but unable to output as well as their

This was the case in spite of the fact that the french immersion students were routinely exposed to ample comprehensible input, which turns out to be a necessary but insufficient condition for second language Learning.

Output facilitates the move from semantic to syntactic processing

It is possible to comprehend input - to get the message - without a syntactic analysis of that input

Negotiation for meaning inherently has all of the above benefits as well as ensuring comprehensible input if a willing participant is assumed. Mackey (1999) also found empirical evidence of a link between meaning negotiation and language learning

Long

Long(1996) emphasizes the link between negative evidence and the formulation of new linguistic hypothesis based on the testing of hypothesis. Pushed output leads students to output in unfamiliar areas

• Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning
• Author: Stephen D Krashen
• Izumi’s Output, input enhancement, and the noticing hypothesis
• Author: Shinichi Izumi
• Second Language Acquisition: Swain’s Output Vs Krashen’s Input
• Note: non scientific but well written
• A Critical Review of Krashen’s Input Hypothesis: Three Major Arguments
• Four Strands in practice
• Meaning-focused output and meaning-focused input: The case of passive and active vocabulary learning - Authors: - Masood Noroozi - Masood Siyyari